The science
How lyophilisation works
Freeze-drying removes water from a frozen product under vacuum. Instead of melting, ice passes directly to vapour, a process called sublimation. Because the product stays frozen while most of the water leaves, heat-sensitive materials are spared the temperatures that conventional drying would involve.
- Freezing: the product is frozen solid
- Primary drying: ice sublimes to vapour
- Secondary drying: residual bound water is removed










